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Atom


Hello Students,

Today we are going to cover the topic “Atom”.
What we are going to cover in this article:
1. What is atom?
2. Who discovered the atom?
3. Structure of atom.


So, first of all what is atom and where it exist.
Atoms are the basic units of matter.

Who discovered it?

The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old idea, appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India. The word "atom" was coined by the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and his pupil Democritus.

The constituents of the atom.

The constituents of the atom are protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons (nucleons) are found in the nucleus of atoms. The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by empty space in which there are electrons.


Particle: Proton
Relative Mass: 1
Relative Charge: +1
Charge/C: 1.674929 x 10-19 
Mass/kg: 1.674929 x 10-27


Particle: Neutron
Relative Mass: 1
Relative Charge: Neutral
Charge/C: 0
Mass/kg: 1.674929 x 10-27



Particle: Electron
Relative Mass: 0.0005
Relative Charge: -1
Charge/C: -1.674929 x 10-19
Mass/kg: 9.1×10-31

Atoms are described by their proton number (Z), which is the number of protons they contain.

Isotopes are  atoms which have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.  Isotopes are all atoms of the same element. We can see below that uranium-238 still has 92 protons  but it now has 146 neutrons so its nucleon number is now 238.

Isobars are atoms of different Chemical elements that have the same number of nucleons.

Medical Uses of Isotopes

isotopes are widely used in medicine to diagnose and treat illnesses. Isotopes have extensive applications in bio-medical research and other fields like chemistry, physics, biology, and geo-sciences.There are many radioisotopes which are mainly used in the treatment of hazardous diseases such as cobalt-60 ( Co-60) is  used to damage  the  cancer cells without surgery , that is known as radiotherapy.

Uses of Isotopes in Agriculture


They are used to cause mutation in insects that make them sterile or to cause death. This method helps in pest control in agriculture.


Uses of isobar

an isobar of iodine is used in the treatment of goitre.

an isobar of cobalt is used in treatment of cancer.

an isobar of uranium is used as a nuclear reactor

Atomic Number


The atomic number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.

Element
Symbol
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Number of Protons
Number of Neutrons
Hydrogen
H
1
1
1
0
Helium
He
2
4
2
2
Lithium
Li
3
7
3
4
Beryllium
Be
4
9
4
9
Boron
B
5
11
5
6
Carbon
C
6
12
6
6
Nitrogen
N
7
14
7
7
Oxygen
O
8
16
8
8
Fluorine
F
9
18
9
9
Neon
Ne
10
20
10
20
Sodium
Na
11
23
11
12
Magnesium
Mg
12
24
12
12
Aluminum
Al
13
27
13
14
Silicon
Si
14
28
14
14
Phosphorous
P
15
31
15
16
Sulphur
S
16
32
16
16
Chlorine
Cl
17
35
17
16
Argon
Ar
18
40
18
22
Potassium
K
19
39
19
20
Calcium
Ca
20
40
20
20

Atomic Mass


It is approximately equivalent to the sum of protons and neutrons of the atom.

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